The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the integration of internet-connected sensors, devices, and control systems within industrial environments such as manufacturing plants, energy grids, and critical infrastructure. Unlike traditional IT systems, IIoT environments connect operational technology (OT) with information technology (IT), enabling real-time data collection, predictive maintenance, automation, and enhanced operational efficiency. However, this convergence also introduces significant cybersecurity challenges due to the increased attack surface, legacy systems with minimal security features, and the potential for physical disruption. Securing IIoT involves implementing layered defense strategies tailored to industrial protocols and devices, including asset visibility, secure communication, firmware hardening, network segmentation, and specialized threat detection. Effective IIoT cybersecurity must also account for the safety, reliability, and availability of critical operations while complying with standards like ISA/IEC 62443, NIST, and industry-specific regulations.
